Although O. sinensis and C. militaris are two different species, they belong to the same genus, Cordyceps, and share most of their active compounds and therapeutic effects.
Bioactive ingredients
Cordycepin – The Multifunctional Adenosine Derivative
adenosine derivative
Broad spectrum of activity:
- Antitumor – Cancer-fighting properties
- Antibacterial – Protection against pathogenic bacteria
- Antiviral – Virus Defense
- Anti-inflammatory – Reduction of chronic inflammatory processes
- Anticoagulant – Optimization of blood viscosity
- Antidepressant – Mood-lifting effect
- Hepatoprotective – Liver protection and regeneration
- Neuroprotective – Protection of nerve cells
- Antioxidant – Cell protection against free radicals
- Stimulates steroid production – promotes hormone production
Ophiocordin – The Antimicrobial Warrior
Antibacterial and fungicidal – Comprehensive protection against microorganisms and fungal infections
Adenosine – The Cardiovascular Regulator
Cardiovascular effects:
- Blood pressure-lowering – vasodilation of blood vessels
- Heart rate-lowering – Regulation of heart activity
- Improves coronary blood flow – Optimizes blood supply to the heart
- Antioxidant – Cell protection against oxidative stress
- Immunomodulatory – Regulation of the immune system
- Antiarrhythmic – Stabilization of the heart rhythm
Cordyol C – The Dual Inhibitor
HSV-1 inhibition – Blocking herpes simplex virus replication
Inhibition of cancer cell growth – Direct cytotoxic effect on tumor cells
Polysaccharides – The Immune Activators
D-glucans and galactosaminoglycans – up to 8% of total weight
Broad spectrum of activity:
- Antitumor – Cancer-fighting properties
- Antioxidant – Protection against free radicals
- Anti-diabetic – Blood sugar regulation
- Immunostimulatory – Activation of the immune system
D-Mannitol – The Organ Protector
Formerly known as cordycepic acid
Organ-protective properties:
- Antimetastatic – Inhibition of cancer cell spread
- Hepatoprotective – Liver protection
- Anti-hyperlipidemic – Regulation of lipid metabolism
- Renoprotective – Kidney protection
Cordlan – The Immunomodulator
Immunomodulatory, anticancer polysaccharide from C. militaris
Immune System Optimization – Regulating and Strengthening the Immune Response
Ergosterol – The Bone Builder
Ergosterol and its derivatives
Skeletal support – promoting bone and cartilage formation
Cordyceamide A and B – The Pain Inhibitors
aurantiamides
Analgesic effects:
- Pain-relieving – Relief of pain symptoms
- Anti-inflammatory – Reduces inflammatory reactions
Cordymin – The Neuroprotective Mushroom Warrior
Antifungal and neuroprotective peptide from C. militaris
Dual protection – protection against fungal infections and nerve cell damage
Fatty Acids – Protectors of the Cardiovascular System
28 saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives
Cardiovascular health:
- Antihyperlipidemic – Regulation of lipid metabolism
- Cardioprotective – Protection of the cardiovascular system
Melanin – The Natural Antioxidant
Antioxidant – A powerful free radical scavenger and cell protector
Nutritional Profile – The Vitality Package
Macronutrients:
- Moisture content: 10.6–12.78%
- Protein: 25%
- Fat: 1.7%
- Carbohydrates: 34.04–36.26%
- Polysaccharides: 5.4–6.39%
- Dietary fiber: 20.8–21.1%
- Ash: 4.84–5.23%
Vitamin complex:
- Vitamins E and K – Cell Protection and Blood Clotting
- B vitamins: B1, B2, B12 – Nervous system and energy metabolism
Essential trace elements: K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, P, Se, Al, Si, Ni, Sr, Ti, Cr, Ga, V, Zr
Therapeutic Applications
Revitalizing Tonic – The Energy Booster
Improved physical performance:
- Improving physical endurance and performance
- Increased energy and oxygen consumption in older patients during exercise
- Protection against overtraining syndrome thanks to its powerful antioxidant effects
- Increase in cellular ATP concentration at the molecular level
Combination therapy with Rhodiola rosea:
- Increased aerobic endurance in young adults with sedentary lifestyles
- Improved blood sugar control
- Positive changes in body composition (body weight, BMI, fat mass, muscle mass)
- Improved endurance performance during high-altitude training
- Longer time to exhaustion in elite athletes
Anti-Aging – The Fountain of Youth
Age-related improvements in older adults:
- Reduction of fatigue
- Increased sensitivity to cold
- Reduction of dizziness
- Reduction in frequent nocturia
- Relief from tinnitus
- Improving Hyposexuality
- Improving Memory in Cases of Amnesia
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome – The Energy Restorer
Revitalization – Restoring physical and mental energy
Sexual Function and Fertility – The Libido Booster
Improving sperm quality:
- Improving sperm quality and quantity
- Improved sperm motility
- Longer sperm lifespan
- Higher sperm count
- Fewer abnormally shaped sperm
Hormone regulation:
- Increasing testosterone levels
- Increase in serum concentrations of 17-estradiol
Sexual dysfunction:
- Improvement in sexual dysfunction
- Long-term reversal of impotence and frigidity
- Relief from sexual discomfort
- Increased libido in male and female patients
- Improvement of leukorrhea in female patients
Recovery and Mental Health – The Mood Booster
Mental health support:
- Antidepressant effect
- Improving sleep quality
- Promoting overall recovery
Kidney Diseases – The Kidney Protector
Chronic kidney disease (CKD):
- Lower incidence of kidney failure
- Improved kidney, immune, and antioxidant function
- Reduction in the severity of CKD
- Lowering blood pressure
- Reduction in proteinuria
- Improvement in BUN and creatinine levels
Antibiotic-induced nephrotoxicity:
- A cure rate of nearly 90% after 6 days of treatment
Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN):
- Reduction in the incidence of CIN following coronary angiography in patients with angina pectoris and diabetes
Diabetic Nephropathy – Protection Against Diabetic Kidney Damage
Kidney transplant:
- Allows for a lower dose of cyclosporine
- Fewer side effects
- No increased risk of acute rejection
- No toxicity
Hepatoprotective effect – The liver protector
Liver fibrosis – Inhibition of liver fibrosis and restoration of liver function
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease – Significant Reduction in Abnormal Liver Enzyme Levels in Patients with Fatty Liver Disease
Chronic hepatitis A, B, and C:
- Therapeutic benefits in children with asymptomatic hepatitis
- Transformation of the disease into a non-infectious form
- Improvement in symptoms of chronic hepatitis B
- Treatment of Post-Hepatitis Cirrhosis
- Better results when combined with other medicinal mushrooms than with lamivudine alone
Respiratory Diseases and Allergies – The Lung Healer
Asthma – Bronchodilatory and asthma-preventing effects
COPD – Prolonged survival in low-oxygen environments
Bronchitis – Beneficial effects on chronic inflammation of the airways
Infectious Diseases – The Pathogen Fighter
Viral infections:
- Chronic viral infections associated with chronic fatigue syndrome
- HIV – Cordycepin inhibits the HIV replication cycle by blocking viral reverse transcriptase
- Influenza A virus – Positive therapeutic effects, strong antiviral activity against the H1N1 virus
Bacterial infections – reduced growth and spread of Group A streptococci, increased survival rate
Complementary Cancer Treatment – The Tumor Fighter
Quality of life and survival:
- Improving quality of life
- Extension of survival time
- Reduction in tumor size in lung cancer and various types of cancer
- Improvement in cancer-related symptoms
Chemotherapy Support:
- Reduction of side effects caused by chemotherapy
- Reduction of vomiting and hair loss
- Improved appetite
- Increased sleep duration
Results of animal studies:
- Reduction in tumor size
- Extension of survival time
- Prevention of metastases
- Improved immune system recovery after chemotherapy
- Protection of bone marrow and the intestines from radiation damage
Cancer-specific effects: O. sinensis: cervical, uterine, breast, colorectal, non-small cell lung, and liver cancer cells
C. militaris: colon, breast, lung, ovarian, bladder, and liver cancer; leukemia cells
Cardiovascular Diseases – The Heart Protector
Type 2 diabetes mellitus:
- Inhibition of α-glucosidase in vitro
- Antidiabetic activity in vivo
- Improvement in blood sugar levels
- Prevention of diabetic complications
Dyslipidemia:
- Lowering blood cholesterol levels
- Reduction of plaque buildup in the aorta
- Improvement in lipid profile in chronic kidney disease
Chronic heart failure:
- Improvement in overall quality of life in combination with conventional therapy
- Improving physical fitness
- Improving mental health
- Increased sex drive
- Optimization of organ blood flow
- Improved heart function
Other cardiovascular effects:
- Antithrombotic effect
- Improvements in ventricular arrhythmias
Specific Applications – Additional Benefits
Alcoholism – Reduced Cravings in Alcohol-Dependent Patients 48 Hours After the Start of Treatment
Weight loss – Significantly lower body weight gain in aged rats
Immunomodulatory Effects – The Immunomodulator
Bidirectional immunomodulation:
- Immunostimulatory in cancer
- Immunosuppressive in organ transplantation
- Boosting overall immunity
- Increase in the number of immune cells in healthy adults
Autoimmune Diseases – The Autoimmune Regulator
Thyroid disorders:
- Graves' disease
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Lupus nephritis – Kidney protection and prevention of nephritis recurrence when combined with artemisinin
Antioxidant Effects – The Anti-Aging Agent
Effects of cordycepin:
- Increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes to the level seen in young organisms
- Protection of the liver, kidneys, heart, and lungs against oxidative stress
Other Areas of Healthcare – The Role of the Specialist
Skin Health – Effects on Photoaging and Hyperpigmentation in Vitro
Osteoporosis – Prevention of osteoporosis with high doses in animal studies
Traditional Use in Traditional Chinese Medicine – Knowledge Dating Back Thousands of Years
Energy restoration:
- Nourishing and Strengthening Jing (Yin and Yang)
- Restoring the deep energy lost due to stress and a decline in stamina
- Balancing deficiencies in kidney and lung energy
Systemic Regulation:
- Improving and balancing metabolism
- Supporting homeostasis
- Regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
- Safe for use in almost all endocrine disorders
Physical and mental rejuvenation:
- Strengthening Body and Mind
- Calming the nervous system
Respiratory support:
- Lung strengthening
- Relief for coughing, wheezing, and shallow breathing
- Treatment of the flu, COPD, and asthma
Organ support:
- Kidney and liver diseases
- Cardiovascular diseases
- Hyperlipidemia
General health promotion:
- Fibromyalgia
- Fatigue and exhaustion following a prolonged illness
- Common Ailments and Pain in Older Adults
- Immune disorders and susceptibility to infection
- Lyme disease
- Adjuvant cancer treatment
- Hyposexuality, Impotence
- Aphrodisiac for men and women
Safety considerations
Pregnancy and breastfeeding:
- There is little published data on the use of this medication in pregnant and breastfeeding women
- Precautions due to potential stimulating effects on the reproductive system
- Take special care with very young children
Drug Interactions – The Interactions
Diabetes:
- Frequent reduction in the dosage of oral or injectable antidiabetic medications
- Changes in blood sugar levels require monitoring
HIV Treatment:
- Naturally occurring antiretroviral compounds (2’3′-dideoxyadenosine, 3′-deoxyadenosine)
- Potential increase in efficacy or dose reduction with antiretroviral therapy
Mild side effects:
- Dry mouth
- Nausea
- Diarrhea
Very rare reactions:
- A case of a systemic allergic reaction is reported
General safety – Very few toxic side effects have been documented in the scientific literature.
References
- Martin Powell. Medicinal Mushrooms. [Internet]. Place of publication not identified: Mycology Press; [cited December 27, 2021]. Available at: https://www.hoopladigital.com/title/11571096
- Rebensburg, P., & Kappl, A. Healthy with Medicinal Mushrooms: Strengthening the Immune System, Healing Illnesses, and Relieving Ailments. Munich: riva; 2020. 271 pp.
- Stajić M, Vukojević J, Ćilerdžić J. Mushrooms as Potential Natural Cytostatics. In: Agrawal DC, Dhanasekaran M, eds. Medicinal Mushrooms [Internet]. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2019 [cited December 27, 2021]. pp. 143–68. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-13-6382-5_4
- Phan C-W, Wang J-K, Cheah S-C, Naidu M, David P, Sabaratnam V. An overview of nucleic acid components in fungi: nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides. Crit Rev Biotechnol. August 2018; 38(5):762–77.
- Bianchi I, Marrocchesi R. Healing with Medicinal Mushrooms: Therapeutic Properties and Instructions for Use of the 12 Most Important Medicinal Mushrooms. Treviso: Editoriale Programma; 2015.
- Guthmann, J. Healing Mushrooms: The World’s Most Important Species: Description – Components – Effects. 2nd, updated and expanded edition. Wiebelsheim: Quelle & Meyer Verlag; 2021. 446 pp.
- Rogers, RD. The Mushroom Pharmacy: The Complete Guide to Medicinal Mushrooms and Lichens of North America. Berkeley, California: North Atlantic Books; 2011. 591 pp.
- Lo H-C, Hsieh C, Lin F-Y, Hsu T-H. A systematic review of the mysterious caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis in Dong-Chong-Xia-Cao (Dōng Chóng Xià Cǎo) and related bioactive compounds. J Tradit Complement Med. January 2013; 3(1):16–32.
- Holliday J. Cordyceps: A Highly Sought-After Medicinal Mushroom. In: Agrawal DC, Tsay H-S, Shyur L-F, Wu Y-C, Wang S-Y, eds. Medicinal Plants and Medicinal Mushrooms: Recent Advances in Research and Development [Internet]. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2017 [cited 2022 Jan 17]. pp. 59–91. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-10-5978-0_3
- Holliday J, Cleaver M. Medicinal value of caterpillar fungus species of the genus Cordyceps (Fr.) Link (Ascomycetes). A review. Int J Med Mushrooms. January 2008;10:219–34.
- Yue K, Ye M, Zhou Z, Sun W, Lin X. The genus Cordyceps: a chemical and pharmacological review. J Pharm Pharmacol. April 2013;65(4):474–93.
- Wong JH, Ng TB, Wang H, Sze SCW, Zhang KY, Li Q, et al. Cordymin, an antifungal peptide from the medicinal mushroom Cordyceps militaris. Phytomedicine. March 15, 2011;18(5):387–92.
- Yu Q, Guo M, Zhang B, Wu H, Zhang Y, Zhang L. Analysis of the nutritional composition of 23 species of edible mushrooms. Journal of Food Quality. October 26, 2020;2020
- Haertel B, Rimböck M, Neuerer T. Medicinal Mushrooms: Modulating, Restorative, and Strengthening. Salzburg: Druckerei Roser GmbH; 2019.
- Richard Bray. Medicinal Mushrooms: A Practical Guide to Medicinal Mushrooms (Urban Homesteading). Self-published; 2020. 229 pp.
- Rossi P, Buonocore D, Altobelli E, Brandalise F, Cesaroni V, Iozzi D, et al. Improving the assessment of training status in endurance cyclists: effects of supplementation with Ganoderma lucidum and Ophiocordyceps sinensis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2014;2014:1–11.
- Liao Y-H, Chao Y-C, Sim B, Lin H-M, Chen M-T, Chen C-Y. Rhodiola/Cordyceps-based herbal dietary supplement promotes improved body composition through endurance training but does not affect oxidative stress and metabolic biomarkers: A preliminary randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. October 3, 2019;11(10): 2357.
- Kreipke VC, Moffatt RJ, Tanner MA, Ormsbee MJ. Effects of concurrent exercise and a multi-ingredient performance-enhancing dietary supplement containing Rhodiola rosea and Cordyceps sinensis on body composition, performance, and health in active men. Journal of Dietary Supplements. November 2, 2021; 18(6):597–613.
- Chen C-Y, Hou C-W, Bernard JR, Chen C-C, Hung T-C, Cheng L-L, et al. A dietary supplement containing Rhodiola crenulata and Cordyceps sinensis enhances aerobic exercise performance following short-term altitude training. High Alt Med Biol. September 2014; 15(3):371–9.
- Chang Y, Jeng K-C, Huang K-F, Lee Y-C, Hou C-W, Chen K-H, et al. Effects of Cordyceps militaris supplementation on sperm production, sperm motility, and hormones in Sprague-Dawley rats. Am J Chin Med. 2008;36(5):849–59.
- Sun T, Dong W, Jiang G, Yang J, Liu J, Zhao L, et al. Cordyceps militaris improves chronic kidney disease by modulating the TLR4/NF-κB redox signaling pathway. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. March 31, 2019; 2019: 1–16.
- Zhao K, Li Y, Zhang H. Role of Dongchongxiacao (Cordyceps) in the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with stable angina pectoris. J Tradit Chin Med. June 2013; 33(3):283–6.
- Kai Z, Yongjian L, Sheng G, Yu L. Effect of Dongchongxiacao (Cordyceps) therapy on contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes and renal insufficiency undergoing coronary angiography. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine. October 2015; 35:422–7.
- Ramesh T, Yoo S-K, Kim S-W, Hwang S-Y, Sohn S-H, Kim I-W, et al. Cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine) alleviates age-related oxidative stress and improves antioxidant capacity in rats. Exp Gerontol. Dec. 2012; 47(12):979–87.
- Yue GG-L, Lau CB-S, Fung K-P, Leung P-C, Ko W-H. Effects of Cordyceps sinensis, Cordyceps militaris, and their isolated compounds on ion transport in Calu-3 human airway epithelial cells. J Ethnopharmacol. April 17, 2008; 117(1):92–101.
- Ruwei W. Clinical study on Immune-AssistTM as an adjunct to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. :7.
- Nowakowski P, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Bielecka J, Mielcarek K, Grabia M, Socha K. Treasures from the Forest: Evaluation of Mushroom Extracts as Anti-Cancer Agents. Biomed Pharmacother. November 2021;143:112106.
- Wong JH, Ng TB, Chan HHL, Liu Q, Man GCW, Zhang CZ, et al. Fungal extracts and compounds with inhibitory effects on breast cancer: findings from studies using cultured cancer cells, tumor-bearing animals, and clinical trials. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. June 2020; 104(11):4675–703.
- Ramesh S, Majrashi M, Almaghrabi M, Govindarajulu M, Fahoury E, Fadan M, et al. Overview of the therapeutic efficacy of mushrooms. In: Agrawal DC, Dhanasekaran M, eds. Medicinal Mushrooms [Internet]. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2019 [cited 2022 Jan 16]. pp. 103–41. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-13-6382-5_3
- Jo E, Jang H-J, Yang KE, Jang MS, Huh YH, Yoo H-S, et al. Cordyceps militaris exerts an antitumor effect on carboplatin-resistant ovarian cancer via activation of the ATF3/TP53 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Natural Product Communications. January 2020; 15(1):1934578X2090255.
- Stojkovic D, Smiljkovic M, Ciric A, Glamoclija J, Van Griensven L, Ferreira ICFR, et al. An insight into the antidiabetic properties of six medicinal and edible mushrooms: inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase in the context of type 2 diabetes. South African Journal of Botany. January 1, 2019; 120:100–3.
- Klupp NL, Kiat H, Bensoussan A, Steiner GZ, Chang DH. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Ganoderma lucidum for the treatment of cardiovascular risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome. Sci Rep. August 11, 2016;6:29540.
- Kang HJ, Baik HW, Kim SJ, Lee SG, Ahn HY, Park JS, et al. Cordyceps militaris enhances cell-mediated immunity in healthy Korean men. J Med Food. October 2015; 18(10):1164–72.
- Kunhorm P, Chaicharoenaudomrung N, Noisa P. Enrichment of cordycepin for cosmetic applications: culture systems and strategies. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. February 2019; 103(4):1681–91.
- Qi W, Yan Y-B, Lei W, Wu Z-X, Zhang Y, Liu D, et al. Prevention of disuse-induced osteoporosis in rats by Cordyceps sinensis extract. Osteoporos Int. September 2012; 23(9):2347–57.